Empowerment of Women





In a backward society characterized by all forms of violence against women, it is hard to create a foundation for ensuring basic needs and minimum rights of women, let alone equal dignity. When violence is the order of the day, good news can be resistance against it. When someone has already become a victim of the circumstances, it is important to raise voices of the conscientious people leading to the process of establishing a just system. A society progresses as and when the voices of the evils are silenced.

Jesmin, an undergraduate student at the Local Women Degree College, Lalmohirhat, is such a victim. She has been bearing ugly marks of acid burns on her face since January 2006 when miscreants threw acid on her after she had turned down the marriage proposal from one of her cousins. Tahura hopes the spots on her face would go away after surgery but she is aggrieved that the culprit, Faridul, is freely roaming about. Her father Thomasof Maddhyo Goddimari village took money for making an outside-the-court settlement with the family of the main accused. “I want justice, not money. I did not even touch the money that my father had received,” Tahura said at the A NGO office in Hatibandha. She mentioned that she was pressured at the family level to accept the settlement. “I was not a witness as I was sleeping during the incident and taking advantage of this, my family refrained from depositing witnesses before the court.”  Even then, she dared to spell out her story because she receives a certain amount of money from the Acid Survivors Foundation regularly. A NGO, too, is beside her.

Tahura’s case came to the limelight when rights campaigners under the banner of local professional body held demonstrations demand the arrest of the accused. “Tahura was sent to Dhaka with the assistance of BRAC at that time. Acid Survivors Foundation took her responsibility and we announced various programmes that impelled the police to arrest the culprit,” said her teacher and a member of the professional forum, Anwara Begum. She maintained that they had virtually nothing to do when her father made compromise but “no incident of acid throwing occurred since then.”

Monika, a housewife in Charjatrapur village in Kurigram Sadar, was divorced five years back. She got married again and she has no hesitation now to tell about her past and still feel happy about the new family and children. Yasmin, a 13-year-old schoolgirl of Nooranipara village, confidently declined to marry a boy from the neighbouring village. She was provided with necessary supports when the issue was brought to the attention of local Social Welfare Federation’s vice president Hajera Begum. Nurul Islam of Madarganj village in Thakurgaon Sadar got married with Asma nine months ago but he did not claim any dowry. Asked about it, he said dowry is restricted by Muslim laws although enforcement such laws that protect women’s rights has not been seen in many cases. Janata Rani Roy, also from Thakurgaon Sadar, feels that she should be given rights of possessing property as she raised the issue at the Awliapur Federation. She raised voice even after her husband, Biswanath of Hajrapara had demanded dowry.

Many women like her raised their voices and there has been significant improvement in asserting the women’s rights and privileges. The spill-over effects of the campaign and publicity have also been found in the northern region. Symptoms of women empowerment are the manifestations of tremendous progress if they are compared with the status of women in a completely under-developed society. But what is yet to be done in general is the empowerment through full establishment of rights over property and poverty eradication through income generating activities can help the poor women to improve their status. A NGO has projects on this but it requires concerted efforts of all to do so.

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Good governance philosophy

Good Governance
Good Governance

Participation: resource management arrangements should include adequate participation of all stakeholders. Long term programs for stakeholder education and awareness should be undertaken to facilitate informed participation.

Transparency: Decisions regarding resource management should follow a defined and established process. All elements of the process should be clearly understood by all participants.

Reliability (Certainty): the process (of reaching strategic management decisions) should have clear objectives, be consistent, and be conducted within agreed time-frames.

Accountability: decision makers within government need to be able to provide clear and detailed reasons for their decisions to all stakeholders. Appeal provisions to an independent authority should exist.

Enforceability: while governance arrangements should be designed to minimize the costs and need for enforcement, such enforcement must be achievable in practice, adequately resourced, and undertaken when necessary.

Integrity: Decisions need to be based on the best available information, and all relevant factors need to be taken into account by decision-makers. Where impacts are uncertain, outcomes should rely on risk assessment and management, erring on the side of caution. Where necessary information is lacking, extension of scientific knowledge should be undertaken.

Flexibility: Management, including activity approval processes, should be able to accommodate proposals varying in type, scope of impact, and complexity. Flexibility is desirable in terms of the form of assessment and management processes, issues to be addressed, process time-frames, and degree of public participation.

Practicality: Activity approval processes and ongoing management arrangements should recognize community concerns, commercial realities, best practice technology, and scientific knowledge and uncertainties.

Dissemination of IT: Relation with ensure the Good Governance:
To meet the vision 2021, Bangladesh must have to be familiar with Information Technologies from rural to urban and obviously from root to bottom level. The major illiterate rural community must be come up under the view. They have to meet the computer and related system familiar. Local allies can play significant role to do this. Local government divisions and departments can play the role of respective authorities. To full fill the mission, all the bodies (Local government departments, local allies) need to be under good governance. They can as the following of those:

-    Participatory planning among inter-department of government
-    Planning as per participation and need of the respective area-to be identified and made.
-  All decisions need to make and implementation as par transparent way (IT focus group selection, methodologies)

-  Each strategy needs to apply as per realistic circumstances and all information needs to integrate by the decision makers and scientific based as well (Union IT center establishing,operation and service to others). 

-   Accountability need to establish in all tasks by the key personnel and respective peoples (Follow-up, spent time, dissemination messages among others).
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Herb and Population in under developed country

The present situation of rapidly growing population in the country is leading to over exploitation of natural resources causing irreparable loss of medicinal herb species. In Bangladesh there are about more than 500 Ayurbedic, Unani and Homeopathy pharmaceutical laboratories. They mostly depend on herbal medicine. Day by day medicinal plants have drastically eroded in recent years because of many reasons. Research on herbal medicinal plants and associate issues are very limited in Bangladesh.  A survey in the rural areas to identify the availability of herbaceous medicinal plants in Northwest Bangladesh, to establish herbarium with endangered and rare medicinal herbs species, to find out use and application and the compatibility of herbaceous medicinal plants in the existing agroforestry system was undertaken. 

The study area was carried out in two selected upazilas of Lalmonirhat district –Sadar and Aditmari. The sample respondents for the study consisted of 100 households, 50 from each location. Only Small (1.50-2.49 ac) and Marginal (0.50-1.49 ac) categories of farmers were selected.
In order to collect the relevant information from the respondents an interview schedule was carefully designed. Direct and open form question and different scales were used to obtain information. The researcher collected data through personal interview during 6 December 2003 to 6 March 2004.
Most of the respondents were male (96%), married (86%), and had informal education (28%) and primary education (16%).
In the case of farm category, small farmers were observed to be maximum (51%) and the rest was marginal (49%).

The average size of the homestead was 0.334 ac ranged from 0.02 ac to 2.16 ac. Among all utilization patterns, cultivated land occupied almost around 71% of the total land. Among the homestead utilization pattern, vegetable area was the highest with small farm category (0.15 ac) and home yard area (0.07 ac) was the highest with marginal category.

Cereals in farmland were the highest with small   farm category (1.68 ac in small, 0.78 ac in marginal) and tree coverage was the highest with marginal category (0.38 ac in marginal, 0.18 ac in small).
Small farm category earned high income (Tk. 67662/Yr/Family) and incurred more expenses (Tk. 58594/Yr/Family) compared to marginal farm category (Tk. 46336 and Tk. 41183/Yr/Family respectively).

A total of 65 medicinal herb species was identified in the homestead and farmland of surveyed area of Lalmonirhat Sadar and Aditmari upazila. Among them some were climber, creeper, aquatic in nature and annual, biennial and perennial habitat. In the study area mostly used herb by the Kabiraj were Ada, Shetodrone, Durba, Amrul, Holud, Piaj, Rasun, Thankuni, Tulsi, Choi, Pudina, Punornova, Gandhavadali etc. Some experienced respondents opined that the herb species like Banada, Boch, Hatisur, Lajjabati, Shialkata, Ghritokumari etc. were rarely seen.Out of 65 herb species identified the luxuriant availability of herbs species were Shetodrone, Amrul, Durba, Holud, Morich, Pan, Ada, Matialu and Shialmutra.In the study area endangered herb species identified by the respondents were Talmakhna, Yusufgul, Kaowathukri, Ulatchandal, Dupurmoni, Mahabhringaraj etc.

In the study area, most of the kabiraj used the above mention medicinal herb for the treatment of Cold, Cough, Dysentery, Vomiting, Wounds, Pain, Bleeding, Toothache, Earache, Blood pressure etc.  Mostly used herb Amrul, Shetodrone, Durba, Holud etc. is easily available in the homestead.
Most of the respondents treated the livestock diseases by the herb that were easily available in their homestead such as Ada, Holud, Rosun, Morich, Kalokeshi, Shetodrone, Harjora etc. against Diarrhoea, Golafula, Flatulance, Giddiness, Pain etc.
Bishkatali, Matmatia, Morich and Tamak (Tobacco) are commonly used against Stem borer, Dung beetle, Aphids, White fly respectively.
The most common systems was the Betel vines (Pan) as the climber on Nut (Supari) trees, practiced by almost half of the respondents (46%), which gave a reasonable income Tk. 2400/year from Betel vines  (400 kg) and Tk. 36,000 from Nut (600 kg) after 15 years. The highest income was achieved from Choi (Tk. 60,000 from 1000 kg) in 3 years when intercropped as climber on Nut trees (Tk. 36,000 after 15 years).
Another agroforestry systems with Gulancha intercropped with Neem, as a climber seemed promising because Gulancha provided a quick return Tk. 30,000 in 6 months in addition to Tk. 10,500 from Neem after 30 years.
Betel vines and Matialu have multivarious options to grow on a range of trees like Jackfruit (Kanthal), Mango (Am), Nut and Neem.
                      
Northwest region of Bangladesh is rich in natural resources including herbal medicinal plants. There is abundance of some medicinal plants and some are less available. Commercial use of medicinal herbs is growing faster, but the value is still small compared with the global market. The economic potentials of this area can be increased by promoting agroforestry systems and utilizing unused lands through awareness raising, training and technology transfer to the farmers. The Government and NGOs should come forward to make the farmers aware about the potential and the value of growing medicinal herbs near homestead and farm land.    There is another possibility of growing herbaceous medicinal plants in 160 tea gardens of Bangladesh and earning 50 crores of taka from herbal plants, so that country can reduce 80 per cent of its import of herbal ingredients for its pharmaceutical industries.

Rural people should be encouraged to use each and every corner of their land to promote the cultivation of herb.People should be motivated not to destroy the places of growing herb for little benefits.
Bangladesh Krishi Bank or other sectors should come forward to provide the farmers with soft loan at a very low rate of interest.

The farmers should be trained on agroforestry methods to increase the production of herb.Vigorous advertisement in radio's, TV's, papers and magazines could be of great use to increase the benefits of herb. Media can play an important role to enhance the production.Farmers should be motivated not to plant foreign tree species (Eucalyptus, Akashmoni etc). The foreign tree species destroy the fertility of land and suck the huge quantity of underground water from soil and disturbs the growth of herb.  It is one of the hindrances of growing herb.The farmers should be trained when and how to collect fresh herb and keep the herb unadulterated and germless or fungus free.The farmers should be encouraged to collect the germless, fungus free, unadulterated & healthy fresh herb from the land.A full-fledged database system should be introduced where each and every information will be available for the concerned authority.
Farmers should be aware of the values of their produced herbal commodities.Emphasis should be given for improving collection, cultivation and marketing conditions and benefits for the whole family.The Kabiraj should be motivated to come forward to make the people aware that the herb, which is simply ignored, can cure a total ailment at a very low cost. Most of the people don't believe the power of herb in curing diseases.Government and NGO's should initiate to develop gene bank for conservation of vulnerable genetic resources.
 
Arrangement of training and communication should be made for the farmers on identification of medicinal herbs, their uses and economic importance.
Further follow-up research should be undertaken to evaluate efficiency of agroforestry systems identified in this study.

Acid Survivors assembly

A gathering of acid survivors was arranged in Dinajpur in conference room of Shilpokala Academy. A NGO Bangladesh and District Acid Control Committee (DACC) organized the program with assistance of Acid Survivors Foundation and Aus Aid.

The objective of the gathering was to present the role of Government and Non Government Organization’s and local elites to ensure treatment, psycho-social and economic rehabilitation, counseling and legal assistance of acid victims as well as raise awareness in this regard.  Rally, 

meeting and cultural program also held in this gathering. Deputy Commissioner and Police Super of Dinajpur were opening the rally by flying the pigeon. The meeting started by the song of Acid Survivors” we shall overcome”. Five acid survivors mentioned their agony in this meeting. Acid Survivor Rasida Begum told that Police, UNO, Chairman and Members all were the favor of acid thrower/ offender, so she closed the case. Deputy Commissioner told that acid thrower is a beast in form of man because this work is not possible by a human being. Collective efforts and awareness rising are essential to control this violence.

Deputy Commissioner of Dinajpur was as chief guest in the gathering. Police Super, Additional Deputy Commissioner (General), Press Club President were as Special guests.  Program Coordinator of A NGO Bangladesh, Dinajpur presided the meeting .A cultural event was staged after the discussion meeting. Besides this, representative of Social welfare and women affairs department, representative of    Acid Survivors Foundation, Chairman of Union perishad, acid survivors and their guardians and media representatives attended in the program.

Maternal Health

Reproductive health is an important outcome indicator as it is commonly not taken seriously or the local practices are potentially harmful to the mothers and the newly born. Survey findings shows that 8.28% of the total households reported about pregnant mothers in their households, slightly more in micro finance households compared to non-micro finance households. The figures found in the ultra-poor families of both client and non-client families are nearly three folds compared to poor families of both categories (Appendix I, table 12.1). Of them only 24% [A NGO Strategic Plan indicator 5.1] (29.41% of MF and 12.50% of NMF) reported to carry out medical check up or receive antenatal care for more than three times. Those who check up pregnant mothers in their households for more than three times, 33.33% and 23.08% are micro finance poor and ultra poor households respectively. It is worth mentioning here that about 3% of the micro finance households did not respond to the pregnant mothers’ check-up related question. Data indicate TBAs play vital role in child delivery. Child delivery mostly takes place in homes with assistance of trained (55.88% of MF and 56% of NMF) [A NGO Strategic Plan indicator 5.2] and untrained TBAs (20.59% of MF) as mentioned by majority of the households (Appendix I, table 12.2).

Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

The importance of health in general and water, sanitation and hygiene practice in particular is indisputable. Water, sanitation and hygiene practice offers us the opportunity to save the lives of 1.5 million children a year who would otherwise succumb to diarrhoeal diseases, and to protect the health of many more[1]. Much of the ill health in developing country like Bangladesh is due to poor environmental sanitation, unsafe water and unhygienic disposal of human excreta and refuse. Given the situation, knowledge on public health is essential for the community members and demanding a greater role in decision making process that impact their health and well-being. Health is multidimensional, and each dimension is influenced by number of factors. Therefore, understanding of health as a whole is beyond the scope of study. However, it has been framed in terms of communicable diseases, maternal and neonatal mortality, etc.

The availability of water (both quantity and quality) for use in and around the homestead is a fundamental need for all. Water is used directly in the households, for drinking, cooking, bathing, washing clothes, cleaning the house and utensils. Poor quality or availability affects the health and workload of the poor. The distribution of the households by main source of drinking water indicates a large number of microfinance and non-microfinance households use tubewell (around 88%) and shallow or deep tubewell (around 12%) as sources of drinking water (Appendix I, table 10.1).  The survey has also shown that while around eighty-eight percent of the households use tubewell as the main source of drinking water, little over 84% households actually own their own tubewell (Appendix I, table 10.2). The remaining 4% use the tubewell of others.  Apart from drinking water, tubewell and STW/DTW are the sources of water for domestic use, such as washing of utensils, for 88.415 and 1.43% of the total households, respectively (Appendix I, table 10.3).

According to 2005 National Sanitation Strategy of Bangladesh, latrines are categorized as ‘hygienic’ and ‘unhygienic’. A ‘hygienic latrine’ is defined as a sanitation facility, the use of which effectively breaks the cycle of disease transmission. According to the respondents, the most frequently (64%) [A NGO Strategic Plan indicator 6.2] used latrines are hygienic latrines – 60.93% of households use ring slab types of latrines and 2.81% use septic tank types of latrines. Ultra poor households are in a worse of position compared to poor households in the use of hygienic latrines (Appendix I, table 10.4).

Findings also reveal that nearly 37% of the households use unhygienic (open and pit/kancha) type of latrines for defecation. This has been supported by the fact that an overwhelming proportion (37%) has reported the practice of open defecation in the respective localities has not been eliminated (Appendix I, table 10.5). It should be noted that presence of any extent of open defecation remains a threat to public health of spreading large number of potentially death causing diseases through water and air borne vectors.


[1] Progress on drinking water and sanitation: special focus on sanitation. UNICEF, New York and WHO Geneva, 2008

Needs and Problems of Children and Youth


Children and youth living in the remote rural areas across northern region of Bangladesh still have the tendency of dropping out of formal Education process because of poverty, child labour, early marriage, having no facilities of extra-curricular activities at school, lack of supplementary books, unawareness of parents, inactive School Management Committee (SMC) and so on. Moreover, children and youth hardly have opportunity in decision making process at family, school of social level, especially about the affairs relevant to child rights. On the other hand, children lack necessary information regarding child rights, personal health and hygiene, HIV/AIDS etc. Many of them are at the risk of drug addiction and addiction to vulgar video on cell-phone screen. Even youth of poor families nowadays can avail cell phone for cheap rate. In spite of several progress in education of Bangladesh, the curriculum is still requires reformation to provide better help to children empowerment.  

A NGO Initiatives of Empowering Children and Youth

To address the above mentioned major problems A NGO has planned following actions aiming at empowering them to improve fulfillment of their basic rights:

·        Involving children in Community Monitoring Forum for their participation in developing   quality of primary education

·       Children will be given responsibility of managing school library

·   Parents, members of SMC, representatives of community, teachers and selected children will visit best education institute/s and utilize the learning in developing the quality of their own school/s

·   Children of school and youth groups under social organizations (CBOs) will get necessary supports of games and sports and cultural activities

·  Youth groups’ training/orientation on preventing early marriage, child labour, drug addiction etc

·         Rural cinema show and popular theater show for mass awareness about child rights

·      Sharing workshop on child rights convention, national policy and A NGO policy with children, parents and all respective duty bearers

·         Radio programme through A NGO established Community Radio

·   Public Hearing session to make duty bearers and community sensitized and responsivechild rights

Number of Children and Youth Targeted

The units of Social Organization, Education and Women Rights will implement the plan.
Social Organization will cover 1050 youth.
Education will cover 3000 children aged 6 to 12.
Women Rights will cover 1800 youth of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Institutes.
Beyond the direct target of children and youth, the action will include the parents, teachers, religious leaders, Management Committee of educational institutes and representatives of communities and government officials.


A Bicycle Rally to combat the eve teasing


To combat the violence against women and girls a networking meeting was held on 25 October 2010 in Aditmari Upazila, under Lalmonirhat District. Program.Upazila Nirbahi Officer A J M Parvej Hasan Was present as chief guest. Vice Chairmen of Upzila Parishad Aditmari Upazila Naznin Nahar Chowduri and Upzila women affairs associate Mollika Parvin were present as special guests. The crucial role and responsibilities of mass people was the main focus of this meeting. The negative effects of early marriage were highlighted. Following recommendations were made by the discussant
·         Awareness rising of mass people.
·         Use birth registration and National ID card while marriage registration. 
·          Stop Marriage by affidafit.
·         To educate the girls and involve them in income generating activities.
·         Amend the law of early marriage and increase the punishment.
·          Ensure equal respect between men and women at family level.
At this meeting the chief guest got a decision that he made a Forum by the members of Upzila coordination meeting. For this reasons another meeting was organized in the assembly room of Nirbahi Officer.  At the presence of all participants a forum “Aditmari Moncho” was formed in this meeting. This forum obtained a decision that they keep their Upzila free from early marriage.  By the decision of “Aditmari Moncho” Forum a bicycle rally arranged at 6 December to combat the eve teasing, early marriage and sexual harassment against women and girls. In presence of 250 student of Aditmari Girja Sangskar High School and professionals of different Government and Non–Government organization the bicycle rally started from the Aditmari Girja Sangskar High School and after Circumambulating twenty Kilometers this rally enter into the town. Deputy Commissioner Moklesur Rahaman and District Freedom Fight Commander Alhaz Usuif greeting the rally. After a meeting of Deputy Commissioner’s office this rally was ended at the field of Aditmari Girja Sangskar High School. At the favor of  Bangladesh volunteer groups, field level employee and other related staffs were present at this rally.